La cofradía sevillana del Prendimiento fue fundada en enero de 1601 en la casa del arzobispo Rodrigo de Castro, sede vacante. La conferencia "La Iglesia de Sevilla a finales del siglo XVI y a principios del siglo XVII", en el que se basa este artículo, está incluida entre los eventos programados para celebrar el cuarto centenario de la fundación de esta Hermandad. Se analiza en ella el contexto geográfico, histórico y espiritual de la Iglesia sevillana en aquella época. En primer (...) lugar se describirá la división territorial de la diócesis de Sevilla y el resto de vicariatos. En segundo lugar, se estudiará a los dos arzobispos de ese período: Rodrigo de Castro y Osorio (1581-1600) y Fernando Niño de Guevara (1601-1609). La parte central de este artículo estará dedicado a la cura pastoral de los fieles. Insistiremos de manera especial en el proyecto reformador de Rodrigo de Castro: su intento de proporcionar fondos para las parroquias y establecer concursos para su acceso para mejorar la cura animarum. Finalmente, nos acercaremos a la vida cristiana de la época a través de los sínodos de 1604 y la predicación del siglo I. (shrink)

Extending the relation between semi-Heyting algebras and semi-Nelson algebras to dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras, we introduce and study the variety of dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebras and some of its subvarieties. In particular, we prove that the category of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras is equivalent to the category of dually hemimorphic centered semi-Nelson algebras. We also study the lattice of congruences of a dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebra through some of its deductive systems.

An integral subresiduated lattice ordered commutative monoid (or integral srl-monoid for short) is a pair $({\textbf {A}},Q)$ where ${\textbf {A}}=(A,\wedge,\vee,\cdot,1)$ is a lattice ordered commutative monoid, 1 is the greatest element of the lattice $(A,\wedge,\vee )$ and _Q_ is a subalgebra of _A_ such that for each $a,b\in A$ the set $\{q \in Q: a \cdot q \le b\}$ has maximum, which will be denoted by $a\rightarrow b$. The integral srl-monoids can be regarded as algebras $(A,\wedge,\vee,\cdot,\rightarrow,1)$ of type (2, 2, (...) 2, 2, 0). Furthermore, this class of algebras is a variety which properly contains the varieties of integral commutative residuated lattices and subresiduated lattices respectively. In this paper we study the quasivariety of $\{\wedge,\cdot,\rightarrow,1\}$ -subreducts of integral srl-monoids, which will be denoted by $\mathsf {SR^s}$. In particular, we show that $\mathsf {SR^s}$ is a variety. We also characterize simple and subdirectly irreducible algebras of $\mathsf {SR^s}$ respectively. Finally, through a Hilbert style system, we present a logic which has as algebraic semantics the variety $\mathsf {SR^s}$ and we apply this result in order to present an expansion of the previous logic which has as algebraic semantics the variety of integral srl-monoids. (shrink)

En el número 8 de la revista mexicana Cuadrivio, lamentablemente desaparecida, se incluía el artículo titulado «La astuta excepción de lo humano» que ahora se reproduce. Respondía a una creencia inferida del antiguo calendario mesoamericano conocido como cuenta larga, que situaba el fin de la humanidad en el solsticio de invierno de 2012. En el artículo nos preguntábamos si tenía sentido hablar de la posibilidad del fin total de lo humano. Recordábamos algunos momentos en los que la Humanidad quedaba en (...) suspenso: la «Solución final/definitiva» (Endlösung) que tenía como objetivo el exterminio del pueblo judío (1945); o el uso de la bomba nuclear en una guerra generalizada. Salvado este camino, nos preguntamos: ¿está asegurada la continuidad de la Humanidad? El proceso de globalización en el que sobrevivimos, nos conduce a una situación de equilibrio inestable en la que cualquier parámetro que sobrepase un cierto valor puede provocar rupturas y singularidades, y extraños vínculos entre democracias y estados totalitarios difíciles de prever. Quizá estemos viviendo ya plenamente ese momento de donde saldrá un nuevo sujeto de la historia. (shrink)

RESUMO O presente ensaio aborda o período anterior às obras tidas como as diferentes reescrições da Doutrina da Ciência, de J. G. Fichte, e aí tenta não só perceber a origem da necessidade de um princípio da identidade, como ela surge aquando das primeiras ocorrências do mesmo, mas também discernir os primeiros passos de todo o problema da possibilidade de um princípio absoluto de toda a filosofia, que sempre animaria a empresa. O foco em questão é a «Aenesidemus-Rezension», onde Fichte (...) junta a sua voz ao aceso diálogo já anteriormente entabulado por K. L. Reinhold e G. E. Schulze, e, na necessidade de repensar o princípio da consciência do primeiro, e as críticas a este feitas pelo segundo, é trazido à convicção da necessidade de um novo princípio absoluto; mas onde, e é este o fulcro do presente ensaio, Fichte percebe a insuficiência filososófica do sistema reinholdiano como uma insuficiência de linguagem, e portanto todo o problema como um problema que depende intimamente de uma apoditicidade linguística, e daí parte para a proposta de uma nova terminologia nacional, uma linguagem filosófica sistematicamente certa e inequívoca, à altura de um sistema filosófico regido por um princípio absoluto – um problema que viria a ocupar as cogitações de toda a geração de jovens pensadores em torno do professor de Jena. ABSTRACT This essay approaches the period prior to the works considered as the different versions of the Doctrine of Science, by J. G. Fichte, and aims not only at discerning the origin of the need for a principle of identity, but also at retracing the first steps of the whole problem of the possibility of an absolute principle of all philosophy. The focus shall be the «Aenesidemus-Rezension», where Fichte joins his voice to the heated argument previously struck by K. L. Reinhold and G. E. Schulze, and, urged to rethink Reinhold's principle of consciousness and the criticism raised by Schulze, is brought to believe the necessity for a new absolute principle; but where, and this is the fundamental idea of this essay, Fichte realizes the philosophical insufficiency of Reinhold's system as a language-related insufficiency, and therefore the whole problem as one intimately dependent on a linguistic apodicticity, and moves on to propose a new national terminology, a systematically certain and unequivocal philosophical language, which might meet the demands of a philosophical system ruled by an absolute principle – a problem which would soon be in the agenda of a whole generation of young idealists around the Professor of Jena. (shrink)

«Die Art, wie er den Mechanismus der Natur mit ihrer Zweckmäßigkeit vereiniget, scheint mir eigentlich den ganzen Geist seines Systems zu enthalten»; This quotation, which originated the present essay, is solely extracted from a letter sent by Hölderlin to Hegel, and yet, it condensates three different approaches from the three Tübingen friends to the problem of Kant’s philosophy of religion and to its possible resolution between 1795 and 1796. From this epistolary dialogue emerges a simultaneous study of Kant, originated by (...) the growing dissension towards the orthodox thought of the Stift. The tuming point - or the maximum cumulative point - of this discordance happens precisely with the discovery of the «spirit of Kant’s System», as a combined explanation of the religious and philosophical phenomena [«Die Art, wie er den Mechanismus der Natur mit ihrer Zweckmässigkeit vereiniget»]. This, I think, is something which the three friends discover gradually and not independently from the concept of «providence», which Kant himself, according to Hölderlin, had used to «attenuate his antinomies», which Hegel uses in his first religious writings and the initial formation of his own philosophy and which Schelling will later explore in his System of Transcendental Idealism. In a word, providence is consensually the comprehension axis between man, God and nature and, thus, the explanatory link between the antinomical poles which regulate human existence. On the other hand, however - this being the aspect I would like to stress -, this decisive moment for a whole generation, for the history of philosophy itself, means the consummation of a new revolutionary perspective born in Kant, a new vision of the absolute and the divine and, therefore, a new way to write philosophy about philosophy, less philosophical than before, to the extent that the new situation of man and his reflection within the problem ultimately destined them - as is the case in the three young philosophers - to silence and death. The final aim of this essay is, therefore, to know what this «last step of philosophy» is and what dies along with it, what such a step may have meant and what it already foretold in terms of the development of philosophy. (shrink)

RESUMO A história do estatuto, bem como da posição da memória entre semelhantes forças, desde a formação do conceito moderno da antropologia, durante toda a tradição leibniz-wolffinana, e até Kant, é uma história de mudança ascendente, de cristalização de ambos os predicados desta faculdade, e também uma de grande influência sobre a história do próprio pensamento antropológico. O presente ensaio propõe-se analisar como Kant receberia essa evolução, e como ele sobre ela actuaria. Isto é, centrando-nos nas “Lições de Antropologia”, e (...) sobre a “Antropologia num Enfoque Pragmático”, queremos indagar até que ponto Kant daria continuidade à referida tradição, mas, sobretudo, a partir de onde este com ela rompe, talhando ele próprio um novo capítulo nessa história, e também na história da antropologia; mais concretamente, importa conhecer a posição de Kant em relação a Platner ou Hume e suas concepções de memória, sua cisão em relação a estes, e sua proposta de todo um reposicionamento, e também revalorização do estatuto da memória entre faculdades da alma; e, por fim, perceber como Kant traz estes propósitos a bom porto, a saber, por meio da memória judiciosa, a única que abre não só para as ciências, mas também para a faculdade de imaginação produtiva, e para a poesia, e portanto também a única capaz de unir inferiores e superiores faculdades da alma, e instaurar harmonia entre estas. ABSTRACT The history of the status, as well as the position of memory among similar forces, since the genesis of the modern concept of anthropology, during the Leibniz-Wolffian tradition, and until Kant, is a history of ascending transformation, a crystallization of both this faculty’s attributes, and also one of great influence on the history of anthropological thought itself. The present essay aims at analyzing how Kant would receive that evolution, and how he would act upon it. That is, by focusing on the “Lectures on Anthropology”, and on “Anthropology on a Pragmatic Point of View”, we wish to inquire to what extent Kant would resume the aforementioned tradition, but, above all, from which point he breaks with it, thus carving he himself a new chapter in that history, and also in the history of anthropology; namely, it is our objective to ascertain Kant’s position regarding Platner or Hume and their conceptions of memory, his scission from the latter two, and his proposition of a whole repositioning, and also revaluation of the status of memory among faculties of the soul; and finally, understanding how Kant succeeds in these purposes, namely, through the concept of judicious memory, the only one which enables not only sciences, but also the productive faculty of imagination, and hence poetry, and therefore the only one able to unite both inferior and superior faculties of the soul and to sow harmony between the latter. (shrink)

RESUMO: Fruto de longa maturação filosófica desde a sua estada em Jena, e instado a isso pelas influências de Karl L. Reinhold e Johann G. Fichte, o poeta Novalis produz, a partir do outono de 1795, um conjunto de anotações fragmentárias sobre a filosofia de Fichte, hoje conhecidas como Fichte-Studien. De entre os importantes temas aí abordados, um revela-se particularmente interessante: o tema do estatuto da Filosofia no seio do problema da autocompreensão do Eu -, e mais concretamente, o necessário (...) pensar da filosofia sobre si própria, as alterações que no processo têm de sobrevir à própria filosofia e a repercussão disto na compreensão de si próprio do Eu. Nesta senda, o seguinte ensaio propõe-se mostrar como, para Novalis, a filosofia é o natural pensar do homem, e como para além disto é a própria filosofia, com o decorrer do seu pensamento sobre si própria, que molda o curso da compreensão de si próprio do Eu: quer tendo com o Eu uma origem comum, nascendo com ele, lançando-o para o mundo e cindindo a união originária em que ele de outro modo sempre estaria, quer, por fim, afirmando-se como carência deste, ou como algo por que o Eu e a própria filosofia têm de passar no seu curso, para que possam experienciar a perda, e almejar à recuperação dessa origem. ABSTRACT: Fruit of a long philosophical maturation that began with his stay in Jena, and encouraged by the influence of Karl L. Reinhold and Johann G. Fichte, the poet Novalis produced, from autumn 1795 on, a set of fragmentary notes on the philosophy of Fichte. These are now known as Fichte-Studien. Among the important issues treated in the notes, one appears particularly interesting: the treatment of the theme of philosophy within the problem of the self-understanding of the "I" - and, more specifically, the need for philosophy to think about itself, about the changes that must come upon philosophy during this process, and about the impact of these on the self-understanding of the "I". The present article aims to show how, for Novalis, philosophy is the natural thought of man. Furthermore, it aims to show how philosophy, in the course of its thought on itself, shapes the course of the self-understanding of the "I", having with the "I" a common origin, being born with it, launching it into the world, cleaving the original union in which it otherwise would always be, and finally asserting itself as a lack of this union, something through which the "I" and philosophy itself must pass in their course so they can experience this loss and aim to recover its source. (shrink)

The free-energy principle (FEP) builds on an assumption that sensor–motor loops exhibit Markov blankets in stationary state. We argue that there is rarely reason to assume a system's internal and external states are conditionally independent given the sensorimotor states, and often reason to assume otherwise. However, under mild assumptions internal and external states are conditionally independent given the sensorimotor history.

Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 2, Page 162-169, February 2022.

This study investigates whether the market valuation of the two summary accounting measures, book value of equity and net income, is higher for firms with reputation for sustainability leadership, when compared to firms that do not enjoy such reputation. The results are interpreted through the lens of a framework combining signalling theory and resource-based theory, according to which firms signal their commitment to sustainability to influence the external perception of reputation. A firm’s reputation for being committed to sustainability is an (...) intangible resource that can increase the value of a firm’s expected cash flows and/or reduce the variability of its cash flows. Our findings are according to expectations and show that the net income of firms with good sustainability reputation has a higher valuation by the market, when compared to their counterparts. (shrink)

This study provides empirical evidence on how corporate sustainability performance (CSP), as proxied by membership of the Dow Jones sustainability index, is reflected in the market value of equity. Using a theoretical framework combining institutional perspectives, stake-holder theory, and resource-based perspectives, we develop a set of hypotheses that relate the market value of equity to CSP. For a sample of North American firms, our preliminary results show that CSP has significant explanatory power for stock prices over the traditional summary accounting (...) measures such as earnings and book value of equity. However, further analyses suggest that we should not focus on corporate sustainability itself. Our findings suggest that what investors really do is to penalize large profitable firms with low level of CSP. Firms with incentives to develop a high level of CSP not engaging on such strategy are, thus, penalized by the market. (shrink)

My aim in this paper is twofold: I will try to clarify what the conditions developed in EN I a discipline or an argument must meet to be assumed as precise are, and, then, try to present evidence that the exam of akrasia in EN VII 3 meets these conditions. In the first part of this paper, I will select passages in which such conditions are displayed, and also distinguish between practical precision and theoretical precision. In the second part, where (...) the analysis of the senses of having but not using knowledge in EN VII 3 is carried on, I will claim that Aristotle’s objective is reaching the adequate statement of the explanandum that will be the subject of causal enquiry of akrasia. My concluding remarks will claim that the conditions displayed in this paper’s first part are met by Aristotelian procedure in EN VII 3. (shrink)

This paper explores the fundamental question of what ‘responsibility’ means to different sets of world views adopted implicitly by business students. The exploration adopts the stakeholder theory and three subsets of the Friedman mentality to explain how individuals may value sustainability initiatives. Subsequently, it explores whether it is better to flow with the dominant economic-driven world view as prescribed by the business school or to challenge it in order to cultivate business students with sustainability-driven values. The conclusion highlights implications for (...) business and management education, as well as the role of entrepreneurship to promote sustainability values. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende invitar al estudio del impacto que tuvo _El Evangelio en Triumpho_ de Olavide sobre el pensamiento decimonónico. Con ese fin propone, en primer lugar, leerlo captando en sus rasgos esenciales el valor alegórico de sus personajes en sus relaciones. A continuación, señala qué aspectos de esa lectura habrían influido de manera más marcada en las obras de Maistre y Saint-Simon, con las que abarca las dos tendencias post-revolucionarias de entender la historia, catecóntica y quiliástica. Finalmente, presenta (...) la unidad milenarista de la obra de Olavide, ajena a aquellas interpretaciones precisamente por su ortodoxia, apuntando, como lectura alternativa a la francesa, la que sugiere Dostoyevski en _El Gran Inquisidor_. (shrink)

El presente artículo invita a considerar la dimensión política de la obra de Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro como una pieza crítica que desde el universalismo de la filosofía cristiana replantea la reelaboración moderna de los ideales cosmopolitas antiguos (de raíz cínica uno, estoica el otro). Con este fin, en primer lugar, se descubrirán al lector los debates literarios, políticos y científicos que explican la aparición de los volúmenes del Viaggio estatico dentro de la Idea dell’Universo. A continuación, al subrayar la (...) peculiaridad literaria del Viaggio dentro de la Idea, la calificación de su interlocutor como Cosmopolita, se analizará cómo Hervás respondió con ella a la ideologización del término por obra del Cosmopolite (1751) de Fougeret de Monbron. Finalmente, se contrasta la reacción del Hervás posterior a la Revolución francesa con el giro estoico del cosmopolitismo que representa la obra del Kant del período crítico, desarrollada entre 1781 y 1795. (shrink)

The present volume discuss aspects of "Cause, Knowledge and Responsibility" from various theoretical points of view. The contributions provide input to intense discussions on these contested topics. The volume is based on results of the conference of the Institut International de Philosophie (IIP) in 9-13 September 2009, at the University of Coimbra.

Within the Plotinian corpus the topic of audacity provides a key for explaining the hypostatic constitution of what proceeds from the One and advances towards the formation of the sensitive world. This essay will try to settle some questions about the role of audacity within the corpus of Plotinus. Doing so will allow us to argue for the following position. Even if the generation of a being separate and distinct from the One includes the notion of otherness and therefore of (...) multiplicity, this action—a product of the Intellect’s daring—does not imply dispersion but only the constitution of a living being able to develop by its own strength the richness already contained in its germinal potency. (shrink)

Most experimental studies of facial expression processing have used static stimuli (photographs), yet facial expressions in daily life are generally dynamic. In its original photographic format, the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) has been frequently utilized. In the current study, we validate a dynamic version of this database, the KDEF-dyn. To this end, we applied animation between neutral and emotional expressions (happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgusted, and surprised; 1,033-ms unfolding) to 40 KDEF models, with morphing software. Ninety-six human observers categorized (...) the expressions of the resulting 240 video-clip stimuli, and automated face analysis assessed the evidence for 6 expressions and 20 facial action units (AUs) at 31 intensities. Low-level image properties (luminance, signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) and other purely perceptual factors (e.g., size, unfolding speed) were controlled. Human recognition performance (accuracy, efficiency, and confusions) patterns were consistent with prior research using static and other dynamic expressions. Automated assessment of expressions and AUs was sensitive to intensity manipulations. Significant correlations emerged between human observers’ categorization and automated classification. The KDEF-dyn database aims to provide a balance between experimental control and ecological validity for research on emotional facial expression processing. The stimuli and the validation data are available to the scientific community. (shrink)

Este trabajo se propone examinar algunas características de la máscara del coquus en el corpus plautino. En primer término, se estudia el modo en que este personaje, a partir de las referencias al castigo físico y a la pasividad sexual, es construido como un cuerpo subordinado al servicio de otros. Luego, se consideran sus apariciones como ladrón y como proveedor de placeres corporales. Proponemos que la forma en que los cocineros son representados en la palliata de Plauto pone en evidencia (...) el vínculo que la axiología republicana establece entre actores sociales subalternos, corporalidad y amenaza a los mores maiorum. This paper examines some characteristics of the coquus mask in the plautine corpus. First, we study how this character, from references to physical punishment and sexual passivity, is built as a subordinate body to the service of others. Then, we consider his appearances as a thief and a provider of bodily pleasures. We propose that the way cooks are represented in Plautus' palliata shows us the link established by Republican axiology between subaltern social actors, body and threat to mores maiorum. (shrink)

Estas reflexiones son una síntesis de la investigación que personalmente ha llevado a cabo, ayudado por especialistas y estudiosos del tema, patrocinada por la Fundación santa María y publicada en uno de sus cuadernos con el título: "La potencialidad educativa de la música". En este trabajo se recogen datos y opiniones de unos 2000 alumnos, varias decenas de profesores y especialistas, así como de intérpretes musicales, compositores, directores de coros y miembros de agrupaciones corales. La investigación, de gran amplitud y (...) estructurada a partir de técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas, fue presentada en el congreso que reunió el pasado mayo en Madrid a 700 profesores de Música de centros educativos españoles, titulado: "Música en el aula, todo un arte". (shrink)

Se proponen tres ejemplos históricos para mostrar cómo la religión, en la forma del cristianismo católico, ha promovido el avance de la filosofía moral o la filosofía social. Frente a posiciones que entienden que la religión tiene como función principal la conservación del status quo de una sociedad en particular (Marx o Durkheim) estos casos notables muestran que más bien es al contrario: las motivaciones religiosas han provocado cambios en la forma de pensar que inevitablemente implican cambios en el modo (...) de vida (Weber). Elegimos tres autores ligados por la época y el espacio (Siglo de oro español) y la religión (cristianismo católico). Juan Luis Vives propuso desde la filosofía cristiana que inspira todo su trabajo una asistencia regular y organizada a los pobres, que andando el tiempo se convertiría en la asistencia social contemporánea. Francisco de Vitoria, reflexionando sobre las causas de la guerra justa, los títulos de conquista o esclavitud, sentó las bases del derecho internacional al margen de la imposición violenta. Juan de Mariana hizo una reflexión política limitando tanto el poder del emperador que incluso sugirió la posibilidad del tiranicidio en caso de necesidad. Estos tres autores nos muestran que, aunque la religión continúa jugando un papel importante en la transmisión del estado de cosas, también ejerce una influencia que permite la evolución en las costumbres y, en consecuencia, en la reflexión ética. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 In 1802 Hegel publishes in Jena “On the Relationship of Skepticism to Philosophy”. This article has the objective of criticizing the skepticism of Gottlob Ernst Schulze. The accomplishment of that critic will demand from Hegel the review of some fundamental aspects of the ancient skepticism. It treats here of reconsidering Hegel’s interpretation of the ancient skepticism, starting from that critic to the modern skepticism of Schulze.

As transformações a que as cidades estão sujeitas têm suscitado um discurso ambivalente sobre a cidade, um discurso que tem desenhado, não raras vezes, os seus limites na própria delimitação do espaço físico urbano. No entanto, não devemos esquecer que a revitalização da vida comunitária deverá considerar outras dimensões, compreendendo os patrimónios político, social, arquitectónico e urbanístico. Acima de tudo, a cidade contemporânea de carácter multicultural requer uma renovada urbanidade do pensamento.Propomos, então, uma abordagem que tentará, pela partilha cruzada da (...) arquitectura, do urbanismo e da filosofia, superar um entendimento estritamente utilitário da cidade, de modo a provocar e informar as novas políticas urbanísticas e os seus modelos de gestão, em ordem à civilidade, procurando reforçar o que une os saberes e não o que os separa. (shrink)

Adolfo Rivadeneyra fue un diplomático del siglo XIX que unió su profesión a su gran pasión, el Oriente, del que se convirtió en un gran especialista. Desde distintas instituciones, y a través de diversas actuaciones, pretendió introducir la ciencia del Orientalismo en España. Fue autor de dos libros de viajes en los que, además de narrar algunos periplos realizados, introduce estudios e investigaciones que hoy catalogaríamos como pertenecientes a distintas ciencias. Sólo su temprana muerte, y la falta de apoyo institucional, (...) le impidieron mayores triunfos intelectuales, pero aún así su brillante trabajo no puede pasar desapercibido.…. (shrink)

Pedro Ordóñez de Cevallos, jienense que vivió entre mediados del siglo XVI y hasta la tercera década del XVII aproximadamente, pasó treinta y cinco años de su vida viajando, por todo el mundo si seguimos el título de uno de sus libros. De su periplo destacaremos sobre todo la parte a América y el Oriente Próximo. Una vez regresado a su ciudad natal plasmó sus viajes en un libro (aunque escribió otros) y es este periplo del que hablamos en este (...) trabajo. Existen, es cierto, dudas sobre el personaje y sobre sus fuentes, pero la magnitud de su testimonio, y los datos de primera parte que aporta, hacen de él un gran viajero a destacar.…. (shrink)

En este texto abordamos la problemática de las fuentes existentes y sus metodologías de análisis para el estudio de las grandes revueltas de esclavos de la República romana. Nuestro objetivo consiste en dilucidar cuáles son los diferentes tipos de fuentes que disponemos y sus estados de conservación; señalar las dificultades y posibilidades heurísticas que presentan; y analizarlas desde un punto de vista historiográfico. Si bien la mayoría de ellas, y las literarias en su totalidad, provienen de la élite ciudadana, y, (...) en consecuencia, expresan el punto de vista de los vencedores, hostil a la revuelta servil, e implican parcialidad, distorsión y ocultamiento en el registro histórico, argumentamos que no conviene exagerar su sesgo como un factor limitante del conocimiento de los hechos. Pues, por una parte, resulta posible extraer de las fuentes narrativas información valiosa sobre los esclavos rebeldes; por otra, también se conservan algunas fuentes materiales elaboradas por estos últimos. Todo lo cual nos permite al menos vislumbrar la visión de los vencidos. (shrink)

In the present contribution, we argue that all health care professionals and particularly psychotherapists should provide a plausible rationale for their treatment including an etiological model and a model of unique and common change mechanisms. The provision of a plausible rationale has two goals: (1) meet the ethical challenge of informed consent, and (2) to improve treatment outcome by fostering the meaning response. In the course of the ethical and a legal obligation of psychotherapists to obtain patients’ informed consent before (...) initiating psychotherapy, patients have the right to receive maximally comprehensive information for providing their consent, which - among other information about the treatment (such as general psychotherapeutic approach, setting, and procedures) – should include a plausible treatment rationale. A useful concept in conceptualizing and communicating a treatment rationale as part of the informed consent procedure is Moerman’s general notion of the meaning response as the physiological or psychological effects of meaning in the course and treatment of an illness. The more compelling the rational explanation of the targeted treatment effects, the stronger the meaning response is expected to be. As the mechanisms of change in psychotherapy are known to be quite abstract and considered common to all approaches to a large extent, it seems especially important to provide a convincing treatment rationale to strengthen trust in the therapist and potentially foster positive expectations of process and outcome. To that extent, strengthening a patient`s meaning response to information provided at the beginning of psychotherapy may be central to activating common therapeutic factors. (shrink)